| Hands-On Digital TV Systems Switchover Digital TV Systems and Next Generation Networks |
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| Hands-On Digital TV Systems Switchover Digital TV Systems and Next Generation Networks |
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This module will examine how and why digital television is sweeping the world very quickly. It will consider the way in which Analogue TV has been delivered in the past and how the “digital dividend” can provide increased government revenue by adopting digital TV. It will examine bandwidth issues and demonstrate using hands-on exercises different methods of encoding and of deliver without going into the technical details. At the end of this module attendees will be aware of what is possible and what the limits of technology are but not necessarily how thins work, which will be covered by later modules.
Colour Television
Evolution from Analogue: NTSC, PAL, SECAM
Digital Video Broadcasting
Formats and Signals
Bandwidths and Channels
Revenues from spectrum and services
2: Digitally-Compressed Television
Digital Modulation
MPEG Hierarchy, MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG 4, H.264
Hands-on Demo of IPTV in class using MPEG-1 and MPEG-2
Digital Over-the-air Video Broadcasting
Comparison of ATSC Standards with ETSI DVB standards
Potential bandwidth reductions
Signal Power implications
Transmitter and receiver implications
3: TV Distribution Systems
Terrestrial UHF/VHF Broadcast Delivery
Alternatives
Satellite Television Delivery
Cable Television Delivery
IPTV Deliver
From head-end to viewer
Back-Channel
Set-top Box Issues
Next Generation Media Players
Integration of DVB-T/DVB-T2 and IPTV Service Features
Module 2 identifies how digital TV is encoded in detail. It examines how MPEG-2 works and provides hands-on exercises experimenting with MPEG-2 rates and profiles. It then goes on to look and higher compression techniques of MPEG-4 and H.264 for encoding HDTV. At the end of this module participants will have a solid understand of how encoding works to a level that enables them to recognise the difference between MPEG-2 and H.264. To describe the difference between H.264 and Microsoft Windows Media Video 9 and to trancode between different codecs using free or open source software.
Video Formats: SDTV and HDTV
Evolution of MPEG
MPEG-2 and its parts
Source Encoding
MPEG Compression Concepts
Prediction and Interpolation
Ordering of pictures and blocks
Motion: Prediction, estimation and compensation
I, P and B Pictures
MPEG Levels and Profiles
Audio Compression
Framing Formats
Multiplexing of Signals
Hands-on Exercise encoding content with MPEG-2
Related standards: JPEG and JPEG2000
Video Objects (VO) and Video Object Plane (VOP)
I-VOP, P-VOP, B-VOP
Advanced Coding Efficiency (ACE)
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
Dolby Digital (AC3)
Audio Codec 3, Advanced Codec 3, Acoustic Coder 3
ATSC A/52
Texture Coding
Studio Quality Encoding
Evolution of MPEG4 Part 10 and H.264
AVC, H.26L, H.264 and other names
Hands-on exercise Trancoding MPEG-2 to H.264 and comparing result
Macro Prediction
Intra Prediction
Luma, Chroma and Signalling prediction
Deblocking Filter
Transform Quantization
Reordering
Entropy Coding
Deblocking Filter
Main Profiles
Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC)
Extended Profiles
Module 3 examines multiplexing as it is used in Digital Video Broadcast systems. The DVB standards have been written to enable the same multiplexing techniques to be used for Terrestrial, Satellite and Cable delivery. A simplified subset is also used for delivery of IPTV using DVB-IPI. This module will teach students how DVB multiplexing works at both the Program stream and the Transport stream levels. It will introduce hands-on exercises to enable participants to capture transport streams and to analyze them to understand how multiple TV channels are multiplexed into a single high speed digital stream for broadcast. They will further study the service information and control tables used to allow set top boxes to navigate through the multiplexes, locate individual program streams and play them.
How MPEG-2 transport stream relate to MPEG-2 Encoding
MPEG-2 part 9
Transport stream format
MPEG Packets and headers
Hands-on exercise Analyzing a DVB-T transport Stream
Packetised Element Stream(PES)
PIDs and their combination in Programs
Service Information (SI)
Program Specific Information (PSI)
Program Allocation Table (PAT)
Program Map Table (PMT)
Clocking within Transport Streams
Decode Time Stamp (DTS)
Presentation Time Stamp (PTS)
System Clock Reference (SCR)
Hands-on Exercise identifying Streams and Clocking
Quantization of Program and Transport Streams
NIT, SDT & EITs: Effect on STB Behaviour
Channel Coding and Forward Error Recovery
Energy Dispersal
Reed-Solomon Coding
Convolutional Coding
Interleaving
Trellis Decoding
Temporal Spreading
Hands-on Exercise Analysing a transport stream to extract video and sound
Hands-on Exercise Analysing an HD Transport Multiplex
Module 3 examines multiplexing as it is used in Digital Video Broadcast systems. The DVB standards have been written to enable the same multiplexing techniques to be used for Terrestrial, Satellite and Cable delivery. A simplified subset is also used for delivery of IPTV using DVB-IPI. This module will teach students how DVB multiplexing works at both the Program stream and the Transport stream levels. It will introduce hands-on exercises to enable participants to capture transport streams and to analyze them to understand how multiple TV channels are multiplexed into a single high speed digital stream for broadcast. They will further study the service information and control tables used to allow set top boxes to navigate through the multiplexes, locate individual program streams and play them.
Module 4 considers how the Intellectual Property value of TV can be protected. The key to the success of any Television Services is high quality content that the viewer wishes to watch. This generally costs a lot of money and time to produce and so Intellectual Property owners like movie companies and commercial TV production companies need to prevent their content being pirated. Simulcrypt and Multicrypt provide standardized methods for Conditional Access that allow broadcasters to ensure the protection of high value content from illegal copying, and to restrict viewing to particular population groups where required. This is usually used for ensure the customer pays for pay-per-view or premium-rate channels. However it can also be used to restrict access to special channels used for security monitoring or Program production in special cases. More recent developments have allowed the delivery of video on demand over IP networks as well as recoding broadcast channels and the copying and retention of this material can be restricted by Digital Rights Management. This module will examine how DRM systems work and examine both commercial and open source systems.
1: Content Protection
The need for protection
Revenue models
Methods of pirating content
Cryptographic countermeasures
Block ciphers and stream ciphers
2. DVB Conditional Access
Conditional Access Table (CAT)
Conditional Access Mechanisms
CA Standards
DVB-CSA
Simulcrypt & Interoperability
Common Interface
Encryption
Entitlement Management Messages (EMM)
Entitlement Control Messages (ECM)
Encoding ECM and EMM into the transport stream
Frequency of Key Changing
Subscriber Management Systems (SMS)
Analog Video Reception
Digital Video Reception
Consumer Electronics Interface
Equipment Compatibility
Networking Interfaces
Decoding Mechanisms
Personal Video Recording Interfaces
In-Home Networking
Protected and Conditional Access Key interfaces
4: Digital Rights Management and Advance Protection Tools
Protected Broadcast Driver Architecture
Digital Rights Management
Example DRM Systems: Microsoft, ODA, Marlin
Watermarking
Examples of DRM in practice
Module 5 will consider Next Generation Networks and the evolution to packet based core networks from earlier generations of circuit based services. The module will look in fast overview at how earlier generation services can be emulated over high speed IP cores to deliver service networks which can delver better performance at much lower cost yet higher reliability. It will also demonstrate the feasibility of this using hands-on exercises that integrate Voice, Internet Access and Television over the same Ethernet interface – both wired and wireless.
Circuit Switched and Packet Switched Compared
Service Efficiency Considerations
Converged Cores
Video on Demand
Web TV
Module 6 continues the examination of Next Generation Evolution but from the perspective of Carrier Transport Networks. In any modern Digital TV Broadcasting system it is necessary to transport the digital multiplexes from the TV Head-End to individual transmitter sites for broadcast. With Single Frequency Networks accurate timing and synchronization is also vital. This module will examine the options for these transport networks including Optical Fiber, microwave and satellite delivery. Technologies such as Ethernet Aggregation and protection switching will be considered to provide an understanding of how reliability can be controlled and improved.
1: Carrier Ethernet Primer
Ethernet Speed Evolution to 10Gbit/s and beyond
How Ethernet Evolved
Evolution from 10 Mbit/s LAN to Gigabit Ethernet
Impact of Optical transmission
Removing the distance limitations
Ethernet switching
Bridging functions
Learning Bridges
Removing Loops
802.1d Spanning Tree and Rapid Spanning Tree
Ethernet Addressing
Address characteristics
Routability of address structures
Problems with MAC address Tables
How MAC addresses are used
ARP and IP
Limiting MAC address table sizes
Mac-in-Mac solutions
Multicasting
IGMP
Multicasting over Ethernet
Mechanisms for signalling Ethernet characteristics
GARP and GMRP
Tag Headers
IEEE802.1Q VLANs
GVRP
Overcoming the VLAN limit
Using VLANs within customer environments
VLANs in Carrier Environments
Service Separation
Impacts on Security
What limits the number of VLANs
Scaling Services
Q-in-Q solutions
Provider Layer 2 VPN Solutions Options
Provider Backbone Bridging
IEEE 802.1ad
Delivering Provider Backbone Transport
IEEE 802.1ah
2: Delivering Quality of Service in Carrier Environments
QoS Motivations
Analysing What Identifies QoS
Bandwidth
Delay
Delay variation
Availability
Access to Service Features
Delivering Bandwidth and Delay
Understanding Queues
Sizing for Service quality
QoS Signalling
Exploiting Tag Headers for QoS
Mapping QoS across the Transport network
IEEE802.1P/Q
Layer 2 vs Layer 3 QoS
Differentiated Services
3: Aggregation and Protection
Understanding Reliability and Availability
MTTF and MTTR
Calculating Availability
Impact of Redundancy
Independence of Services
Mechanisms for Improving Reliability
Topology considerations
Mesh
Ring
Trees
Ethernet Rapid Packet Ring (RPR)
Ring Resilience protocol (RRP)
Comparing Layers 1, 2 and 3 protection
Physical switching
Layer 2 switching
Layer 3 rerouting
Ethernet Aggregation
802.3ad Aggregation and Bridging
Aggregation groups
Aggregation for bandwidth improvement
Protection using Aggregated Services
Example aggregation network applications
IPTV service protection
Aggregation for bandwidth increase
Ethernet Rings
Delivering reliability for Service Level Agreements
4: MPLS Primer
Delivering High Performance Core Services
The Key Core Objectives
Scaling the problems of routing
Routing vs switching in the core
Cache Sizes
Label switching concepts
What is a label?
Normal hop-by-hop routing
Creation of Labels
Distribution of Labels
Function of Label switching
Forward Equivalence Class (FEC)
Label Edge Switches
Label Distribution Protocol
Explicit routed Label Switched Paths
Constraint routed Label Switched Paths
Traffic Engineering
Fast Rerouting
Having introduced all the key building block technologies, Module 7 will provide an understanding of design. It will introduce the concepts of network design and using an example of a TV broadcasting Network demonstrate how the project can be take through the key stages from Initial Service Requirements definitions, Technical Specification, Service sizing, Wavelength allocation and planning, Transmitter sitting, installation, testing and delivery.
1. Broadcast Network Design Process
Transmission media: Microwave Radio vs Fiber Optics
Identifying the TV User Requirements
Documenting and Agreeing the User Specification
Translating into Technical Requirements
Specifying Key Network Parameters
Producing a Link Specification
Proving the Design Meets the Specification
Installing, Testing and Troubleshooting Procedures
Delivering Documentation of the Service
2. The Requirements Specification
Analyzing the User Requirements
Bit rate and bandwidth
Error ratio and availability
Locating where the service is required
Predicting the future needs
Documenting the Specification
3 Translating Requirements into Technical Specifications
Operational System Parameters
Fiber Optics Design Principles
Optical Sources: LED, Vertical Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs),Lasers
Modulation
Fiber Types: Multimode, Restricted Mode Launch Bandwidth, Laser Optimized Multimode, Single-mode
Deploying Wavelength Division multiplexing and Switching options
Hardware Selection Factors
Connectors and Splicing Options
Microwave Design Principles
Antennas
Detectors
Ground segments
4. Calculating Key Design Parameters
Theory And Principles Link Budgets
Cable Construction
Recommended Cable Types
Cable Selection
Termination Methods
5. Selecting the Right Technology Solutions
Availability and reliability
Physical and Logical Network Topologies
Network Management
6. Testing Procedures for Installation and Design Validation
Optical Testing and Measurements
Microwave Testing
Reasons for Testing
Types of Test Measurements
Testing Guidelines
Error Ratios
Spectrum testing
Specifying Test & Troubleshooting Procedures
7. Conformance and Delivery
Verifying the Design
Validating the Service
Proving the Delivered Network matches the Specification
Module 8 will look at TV Program Production to give engineers an appreciation of the tools and techniques available for the artistic aspects of Program products, the technical aspects of editing, recording and mixing services and finally the storage and delivery. Using simple editing tools attendees will shoot some video, edit it and produce a short Program clip. They will then stream this over a network.
Video Editors
Camera Transfer
2. Production Planning
Scripting
Story Boards
Library Content
Dubbing and Sound engineering
Module 9 Multicast IP Television is now used to deliver Television services in some administration as well as to provide interconnection between encoders and multiplexers within DVB Head-ends. This module provides an understanding of how IPTV streams are carried over RTP/UDP/IP, the difference between using TCP and UDP to deliver services and how to analyse these services using protocol Analyzers
1.Multicasting
Deploying Multicasting for network delivery of video
Multicast routing approaches
Multicast extensions to Routing protocols
IGMP
Hands-on Exercise receiving Multicast IPTV
2. Encoders and Streamers
Transcoding
Hands-on Exercise Transcoding and stream Multicast TV
3. Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
Selecting Mode of operation: Dense or Sparse
Protocol exchanges to build tree
Protocol exchanges to prune tree
Potential failures and fixes
Hands-on Exercise Analyzing Multicast Streams using Protocol Analyzers
Module 10 Configuring Routers and Switches for Multicast and Reliable carrier Services. This module will teach attendees how to configure elementary routing protocols, OSPF, Ethernet Aggregation and Protocol Independent Multicast on Cisco switches. Attendees will work as a group and configure individual interfaces to use specific VLANs, configure and test OSPF routing and them implement PIM for multicasting. They will then undertake hands-on exercise to demonstrate the correct working using IPTV streams.
1: Cisco Routers and Switches
Architecture of Cisco Switches
Configuring Interfaces
Layer 3 Interfaces
Layer 2 Interfaces
Simple VLANs
Configuring IP Address
2: Configuring Routing Protocols
Static Routes
OSPF
IGMP
PIM
Hands-on Exercise Configuring PIM
3: Aggregation
Port Channels
Assigning Layer 2 ports to port channels
IEEE 802.1Q
Link Aggregation Control Protocol
Hands-on Configuring Link Aggregation
4: Reliability Protocols
Importance of default routers
Loss of router access
Using HSRP or VRRP to build reliable networks
Hands-on Configuration and testing of Resilient Network
Running TV through multi switch network and validation automatic switch over on link and switch failure.
Module 11 Service sizing and performance requires an understanding of simple statistics and applying this to broadcasting and transport network design. This module aims to help attendees understand why networks are never as fast as they expect and why projects always take linger then you expect. Providing an understanding of confidence intervals, elementary queuing theory and applying this to the design of network traffic allows attendees to better calculate the service profiles for real services and to apply their newly learned techniques to estimating service demands in the future.
1: Sizing and Performance Analysis
Capacity Considerations: